It is Sunday night, and your favorite team just narrowly lost the game. Who is responsible for the loss? Do you blame the field goal kicker who missed the potential winning kick in the closing seconds? Maybe you blame the quarterback, who always seems to accrue too much credit or blame due to the position, regardless of his performance. Maybe the officials? How about the coach who was in charge of the game plan or the general manager who chose the players?
Now take this same analogy and apply it to the practice of casting blame when it comes to a data breach at a large company. Do you blame the employee who clicked the embedded email link that launched the malware and implanted a rootkit? Do you blame the IT department at large or the CIO for not having the necessary security tools in place to prevent it? What about pointing the blame at the top of the pyramid towards the CEO or the corporate board of directors?
While casting blame for your local team’s loss on Sunday may make for great sports talk, asserting blame for your company’s data breach is an uncomfortable exercise of self-effacement. It is a matter that many company leaders are struggling with. According to a recent survey conducted by the Ponemon Institute, 67% of CISOs expect a data breach or cyberattack in 2018. This was an increase over the previous year in which 60 percent confirmed these expectations for 2017. In addition, 45% expressed worry that they would lose their jobs following a cyberattack on their organization. A nearly identical response was found from a survey conducted at Infosecurity Europe 2017 in which security professional were asked which company position was most responsible in the event of a company data breach. Of the respondents, 40% believed that the CEO would be first on the firing line, followed by the CISO (21%), “Other” (15%) and CIO (14%).
With the intense media spotlight on breaches such as Equifax, Uber and Target, it is no wonder that company executives are worried about their jobs. The general public is far more educated about data breaches and the ramifications of them. A recent global survey of 9,000 consumers across 11 countries, including the United States, shows that 70% of respondents assign the responsibility of protecting and securing customer data lies squarely with the companies themselves.
It is also easy to blame the IT department, who, like the quarterback, often gets blamed for performances beyond their control. Oftentimes, internal IT is restricted to the tools they have at hand. While the IT department can implement industry-leading email security solutions, they cannot hold the hand of every employee each time he or she feels tempted to click an embedded link that got through the filter. According to the Verizon 2018 Data Breach Investigations Report, user error was a factor in 17% of breaches last year.
While accountability starts with the CEO and corporate board, cybersecurity is a shared responsibility across every function and level of an organization. Cybersecurity is a practiced culture within the organization that must start at the top. If management does not take cybersecurity seriously, neither will the front-line employees. You can have all of the latest tools in the world, but without human participation, the ROI of implementing them will never be fully recognized.
In a hearing before the U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce, the former CEO of Equifax testified that the ultimate blame of the massive breach that involved the personal information of half of the U.S. population. In his testimony, Richard Smith stated:
“Let me say clearly: As CEO I was ultimately responsible for what happened on my watch. Equifax was entrusted with Americans’ private data and we let them down. To each and every person affected by this breach, I am deeply sorry that this occurred. Whether your personal identifying information was compromised, or you have had to deal with the uncertainty of determining whether or not your personal data may have been compromised, I sincerely apologize.”
The fact is that other than fully disconnecting from the internet, there is no way to foolproof your enterprise from a cyberattack. Even if you fully disconnected your enterprise from the internet, it would be susceptible to imposters with a USB drive. No matter what the exposure for your enterprise, you must set the level of acceptable risk for the organization. It is important for the IT leadership to work with the leadership hierarchy of the company and help them to understand the importance of defining what this truly is. For many organizations, this is derived from legal and regulatory responsibilities. Defining the company's acceptable risk level falls to management because they intimately understand the company's business drivers and the corresponding impact if these business objectives are not met.
Once your risk level is properly defined, you can then determine your “duty of care” responsibility. Duty of care refers to the actions or steps that a reasonable person would take in order to protect against a data breach. Duty of care helps define the balance between what security measures are necessary to prevent foreseeable harm to others without posing an unreasonable burden upon the business itself. It is the responsibility to meet an obligated duty of care that will be the centerpiece of any sort of resulting litigation.
Duty of Care Approach
The concept of what is reasonable can vary depending on a company’s size, industry and objectives. Obviously, a small local retail store cannot be expected to implement the same security standards and policies as a mega retailer. What is reasonable to one company may not be reasonable to another for multiple reasons. Because there is no recognized authority that can emphatically state what is reasonable, company leadership must determine how they proceed when it comes to risk, for example:
- They can take a proactive approach to define what is reasonable for their organization;
- They can sit on their hands and wait for a regulator to suggest a one-size-fits-all definition of it; or
- They can wait for litigators to define it in the event of a lawsuit.
Needless to say, it is best to define what is reasonable for your company and its circumstances. Before doing so however, it is imperative to perform the prerequisite risk assessment. Some key questions to answer in this assessment are:
- What sensitive, personal information do we host within our organization?
- How sensitive is that information and what consequences would transpire if it was compromised?
- What penalties and costs would our company be liable for if this data were breached?
While there are multiple risk assessment standards available, there is one that specifically deals with this challenge. The CIS® (Center for Internet Security) recently released the CIS Risk Assessment Method (RAM), an information security risk assessment method that helps organizations implement security safeguards against the CIS Controls. CIS RAM is the first to provide specific instructions to analyze information security risk that regulators define as “reasonable” and judges evaluate as “due care.” CIS RAM highlights the balance between the harm a security incident might cause and the burden of safeguards – the foundation of “reasonableness.” CIS RAM conforms to information security risk assessment standards, such as ISO 27005, NIST SP 800-30, OCTAVE and RISK IT.
Once a risk assessment is complete, you can then formalize a plan to mitigate the risks and prioritize efforts to combat those risks. What is reasonable is often defined as what an entity of similar size and sophistication would do to protect the same type of data. Industry best practices can also define reasonable security measures. It is vital for a company to proactively determine what reasonable security precautions to take because in the case of litigation, the court will determine itself what a reasonable effort would equate to, and that would determine your company’s duty of care.
Acceptable Risk is Everyone’s Responsibility
All teams have an interest in protecting the company’s data and network. It is not only up to the IT team to plan and manage cybersecurity. With that, all parties need a seat at the table when reviewing the risk assessment results and develop an aligned security strategy that marries compliance, security and business objectives. Who should be involved?
- Executive Sponsors/Board of Directors
- Counsel/Legal
- IT Team
This ensures transparency and consensus on security protocols. It defines as an organization what was the approach and level of risk, plus the proper documentation on the process. In the event of a breach, these are the considerations every company should have, not only for litigation purposes, but for improvements for better controls.
In the end, accountability is not the same as asserting blame. While company leadership is accountable for the damages resulting from a breach, a combination of tools, training and a culture of security consciousness will help avert any one individual falling on the sword.
It is key for organizations to get alignment on acceptable risk and strategy. The proper risk assessment method provides the balance of compliance, consensus and security. The first step is to define your acceptable risk.
